Indian Modern History – GK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

CHSL QUIZ

SSC CGL Quiz -Test

SSC CGL QUIZ-Test

General knowledge Test Quiz

BIRSA MUNDA - THE TRIBAL FREEDOM FIGHTER

             Birsa Munda, or popularly known as Bhagwan Birsa Munda, is one of the most recognized tribal heroes of the Indian freedom struggle. He was born in 1875 in present-day Jharkhand and grew up in a time of suffering for the tribal communities during British colonial rule. Birsa Munda embodied the ideas of courage and leadership and became a figure of strife and possibility, inspiring millions of people. To this day, he is recognized across the nation for his life and contributions.

Birsa Munda - A Freedom Fighter with a Citizenship Vision

             Birsa Munda became known for being a fearless freedom fighter who led a robust movement against the inhuman policies of British rule and the exploitation of tribals by rich landlords or missionaries. He firmly challenged the loss of tribal land and culture. His vision was never just about political freedom, but land and dignity for tribal people, together with respect for their cultural and citizenship rights. For the Adivasi community, he was not only a leader but also a spiritual leader; hence, people call him Bhagwan Birsa Munda.

The Ulgulam Movement

              One of the great and positive events of his life was the Ulgulam Movement, also called" The Great Tumult". In this movement, Birsa Munda tribal leader, was able to organize thousands of tribals to collectively oppose the British. The Ulgulam Movement was more than a rebellion; it was a social and cultural awakening. It gave tribals a sense of pride in their traditions and the courage to stand against injustice.

Birsa Munda Biography and Legacy

        According to history, Birsa Munda's biography reflects his struggle against both social evils and colonial rule. Despite living only for 25 years, his contribution was extraordinary. His leadership forced the British government to introduce new laws protecting tribal land rights. Today, his name lives on in schools, stadiums, universities, and even an international airport in Ranchi, named after him.

   The biography of Birsa Munda also highlighted his deep spiritual influence. He inspired people to believe in their strength and created a path for the future tribal rights movement in India. Even though he died young, his legacy as a freedom fighter continues to shine.

Conclusion 

The life of Bhagwan Birsa Munda reminds us that true leaders are not measured by age but by their vision and sacrifice. As a tribal leader, he stood for equality, dignity and justice. The Ulgulam movement, led by him, became a milestone in India's history, showing the power of unity against oppression. When we read the Birsa Munda biography, we understand that he was more than just a revolutionary - he beacon of hope for tribals and a true hero of India 

ULGULAM MOVEMENT

                The word Ulgulam in the Munda tribal language means " Great Tumult" or " Revolution,". It was the historic tribal uprising led by Birsa Munda between 1899 and 1900 in the Chotanagpur region, now part of Jharkhand.

Causes of Ulgulam Movement :

The main reasons that gave birth to this movement were :

1. British exploitation - The colonial government imposed heavy taxes on tribal lands and disrupted traditional community ownership.

2. Loss of Tribal Land - Outsiders like zamindars, moneylanders, and missionaries began seizing Adivasi land, making tribals laborers on their own soil.

3. Cultural suppression- Missionaries tried to convert tribals, which threatened their culture and traditional religious practices.

4. Oppression of Adivasis- Exploitation through bonded labor, unfair rent systems, and police brutality created deep resentment.

Leadership of Birsha Munda :

           Birsa Munda, the tribal leader, emerged as the voice of resistance. He motivated the Munda community with a vision of freedom, equality, and a return to their traditional faith. He was revered as a divine figure, which gave his movement spiritual strength.

Nature of the Movement

1. The Ulgulam movement was both political and religious.

2. Birsha called for ending British rule and restoring the "Munda Raj" (self-rule)

3. He encouraged tribals to refuse forced labor, stop paying unjust taxes, and unite against landlords and the British.

4. Armed clashes took place between the tribals and British forces

Impact of the Ulgulam Movement :

 Although Birsa Munda was captured in 1900 and died in British custody at just 25 years old, his movement had a long-lasting effect.

1. The British introduced the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act (1908), which restricted the transfer of tribal land to non-tribals.

2.It revived tribal pride, identity and unity against exploitation. colonialism in eastern India. 

3. The revolt established Birsa as Bhagwan Birsa Munda, a freedom fighter remembered for his sacrifice.

Legacy of Ulgulam :

The Ulgulam movement is considered the first major tribal revolt against British colonialism in eastern India.

It symbolized the fight for land, culture, and freedom. Even today, tribals in Jharkhand and across India celebrate Birsa Munda Jayanti to honor his vision and courage.

NATO

 The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation is a military coalition known as NATO. It is one of the most powerful military alliances around. Formed in 1949, NATO was founded to promote collective defence to help foster peace among member states. The organisation still plays a central role in discussions of global security. 

What is NATO?

NATO is a political and military coalition in which an attack on one member state is considered an attack on all member states. This principle is articulated in Article 5 of the NATO treaty, which is the foundation of the alliance. 

NATO member countries

Currently, over 30 NATO countries are cooperating to promote peace globally. The membership process requires candidate states to meet rigorous political, economic, and defence standards. Candidate states will receive benefits from being part of the NATO accord; however, there are also obligations, such as defence spending and obligations to participate in partnerships. 

What are NATO's missions?

NATO's mission is to provide security, prevent war and overall promote stability. NATO conducts regular military exercises, and NATO operations are conducted regularly to prepare NATO forces for the threats of the real world. This is to show NATO can still fulfil its defence strategy.